Probing of the Unoccupied Electronic States in Solids by Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy

Abstract

This paper reviews the probability of probing the unoccupied electronic states in solidsby inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES). IPES is a surface science technique toanalysis the unoccupied electronic states above the Fermi level. IPES is a complementarytechnique to photoemission. In the IPES technique, the incoming particles are electronsand the outgoing particles are emitted photons that are consequently created by themtherefore this technique is named as Bremsstrahlung Isochromate Spectroscopy. Thisis a common measuring mode because the photons of particular energy are identified.IPES has established one of the most powerful techniques in the study of the unoccupiedelectronic states in solids.