The effects of irisin and bevacizumab on hyaline cartilage regeneration in osteochondral defects: An experimental study in rats

Abstract

Background: The microfracture technique, a first-line treatment for full-thickness cartilage defects (FTCDs), involves perforation of the subchondral bone to allow bone marrow, including mesenchymal stem cells, to promote healing. However, microfracture often fails within 5 years due to the insufficient durability of fibrous cartilage and subchondral bone deterioration. To address this issue, augmenting bone marrow stimulation (BMS) with several systemic or local agents has been explored. This study evaluated the effects of irisin (IR) and bevacizumab (BEVA), individually and combined, as alternative intra-articular BMS augmentation methods compared with hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Methods: Forty-eight Wistar albino male rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 8 per group): control, PRP, HA, BEVA, IR, and BEVAIR. An FTCD was created, followed by BMS in the control group. PRP, HA, and IR were injected intra-articularly on the day of surgery, with BEVA administered in the fourth postoperative week. All rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks. Distal femurs were analyzed via micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and cartilage regeneration was assessed macroscopically and histologically using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) and Pineda scores, respectively. Results: The Pineda score was significantly lower in the BEVA-IR group compared with the control (p < 0.001), PRP (p < 0.05), HA (p < 0.05), and BEVA (p < 0.05) groups. Significant differences in ICRS stages were observed between the control group and both the IR (p < 0.05) and BEVA-IR (p < 0.01) groups, as well as between BEVA and BEVA-IR (p < 0.01). Micro-CT analysis revealed that the defect width was significantly lower in the PRP (p < 0.05), IR (p < 0.05), and BEVA-IR (p < 0.01) groups compared with the control group. The defect depth in the BEVA-IR group was significantly lower compared with the control (p < 0.01), PRP (p < 0.05), BEVA (p < 0.01), and HA (p < 0.05) groups. The IR group also showed a significantly smaller defect area compared with the BEVA (p < 0.01) and HA (p < 0.05) groups. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate intra-articular IR in FTCDs. The IR and BEVA-IR groups, particularly the BEVA-IR group, demonstrated superior outcomes in all evaluations. These findings suggest that combining BEVA and IR has synergistic effects on cartilage healing in FTCDs