On the fixed circle problem on metric spaces and related results

Abstract

The fixed-circle issue is a geometric technique that is connected to the study of geometric characteristics of certain points, and that are fixed by the self-mapping of either the metric space or of the generalized space. The fixed-disc problem is a natural resultant that arises as a direct outcome of this problem. In this study, our goal is to examine new classes of self-mappings that meet a new particular sort of contraction in a metric space. The common geometrical characteristic of the set of fixed points of any element of these classes is that a circle or even a disc, that is either termed the fixed circle or even the fixed disc of the appropriate self-map, is included within that set. In order to accomplish this, we establish two new classifications of contraction mapping: Fc-contractive mapping and Fc-expanding mapping. In the investigation of neural networks, activation functions with either fixed circles (or even fixed discs) are observed frequently. This demonstrates how successful our results with the fixed-circle (respectively, the fixed-disc) model were.