Consensus-based GIS–MCDM model for hydrogen infrastructure in Southern Marmara, Türkiye

Abstract

This study develops a spatial multi-criteria decision-making (SMCDM) framework integrating Geographic In formation Systems (GIS) with three MCDM methods (TOPSIS, MOORA, VIKOR) and three weighting strategies (Entropy, Fuzzy AHP (FAHP), Hybrid) to identify optimal green hydrogen production sites in Southern Marmara, Türkiye. Thirteen criteria were structured into five dimensions: technical, environmental, infrastructural, lo gistic/industrial, and socio-economic. The framework evaluates 4,795 candidate locations, capturing both objective data variability and expert-informed priorities. Comparative analysis across nine ranking scenarios reveals both method-independent high-potential clusters and ranking variability depending on weighting strategy. Entropy emphasizes data-driven consistency, FAHP reflects expert-defined perspectives, and the Hybrid approach balances the two. Consensus ranking identifies Bandırma’s industrial-port zone as the most robust site, aligning with the location of Türkiye’s first hydrogen facility. These findings validate the methodological framework and demonstrate how integrating consensus-based MCDM with GIS can guide resilient energy infrastructure planning. The proposed approach offers a flexible analytical structure that could be considered in the development of national or regional hydrogen roadmaps. While this study does not quantitatively model CBAM-related dynamics, the methodological framework can potentially support future clean energy planning efforts that aim to align with EU sustainability and trade mechanisms.