Multifunctional europium-doped S53P4 bioactive glass nanocomposites offering magnetic, optical, and antibacterial features for next-generation biomedical applications

Abstract

The growing demand for multifunctional biomaterials that combine therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities has has led to the development of advanced magneto-luminescent systems. In this study, Fe3O4 particles coated with Eu3+-doped S53P4 bioactive glass were fabricated via a two-step method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed a core@shell configuration, with a crystalline Fe3O4 core and an amorphous Eu3+-doped shell. Morphological analyses indicated a transition from spherical to anisotropic structures upon europium incorporation. Magnetic characterization revealed preserved superparamagnetic behavior with a slight decrease in saturation magnetization due to the glass shell. Photoluminescence studies demonstrated strong and tunable photoluminescence without evidence of concentration quenching, as further supported by CIE chromaticity and correlated color temperature (CCT) analyses. Moreover, antibacterial assays indicated significant inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus, with the optimal activity observed at 1 wt% Eu doping. Owing to their integrated magnetic and optical functionalities, the developed Fe3O4@Eu3+:S53P4 nano composites may also serve as potential candidates for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) applications, offering promising perspectives for targeted therapy, real-time tracking, and infection management in orthopedic systems.