Balıkesir Üniversitesi Kurumsal Akademik Arşivi
DSpace@Balıkesir, Balıkesir Üniversitesi tarafından doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak yayınlanan; kitap, makale, tez, bildiri, rapor, araştırma verisi gibi tüm akademik kaynakları uluslararası standartlarda dijital ortamda depolar, Üniversitenin akademik performansını izlemeye aracılık eder, kaynakları uzun süreli saklar ve yayınların etkisini artırmak için telif haklarına uygun olarak Açık Erişime sunar.
Güncel Gönderiler
Cluster analysis selecting tools using quadri partitioned Pythagorean neutrosophic normal interval-valued set with an aggregation operators
(International Scientific Research Publications, 2026) Palanikumar, Murugan; Kausar, Nasreen; Simic, Vladimir; Pamucar, Dragan
The goal of a quadri partitioned Pythagorean neutrosophic normal interval-valued fuzzy set (QPPNNIVFS) is to provide
the neutrosophic sets a more comprehensive mathematical foundation. QPPNNIVFS divides the indeterminacy component into
unknown and contradiction classes. The several aggregating operations that have been understood thus far are discussed here.
The fuzzy weighted QPPNNIVFW averaging (QPPNNIVFWA), QPPNNIVFW geometric (QPPNNIVFWG), generalized QPPNNIVFW averaging (GQPPNNIVFWA) and generalized QPPNNIVFW geometric (GQPPNNIVFWG) are considered as a novel
concept. We show that algebraic structures like associative, distributive, idempotent, bounded, commutative, and monotonic
characteristics are satisfied by QPPNNIVFSs. We illustrate the practical applications of increased Euclidean distance, Hamming
distance, score, and accuracy values. Unless there is a mathematical justification for selecting one cluster technique over another,
the clustering strategy must be selected empirically. An algorithm that performs well on one set of data will not perform well on
another. There are several approaches of conducting cluster analysis. These include social network analysis, distribution-based,
density-based, centroid-based and hierarchical. Therefore, it is clear that the natural number θ has a big impact on the models.
To illustrate the comparison analysis, sensitivity analysis and the validity of our suggested methodologies are also conducted.
The outcomes will be very helpful to decision makers in handling uncertain and conflicting data effectively.
Comparative evaluation of Cloud–Edge security architectures for DDoS detection
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2025) Ceylan, Mustafa Furkan; Dalkılıç, Gökhan; Özcanhan, Mehmet Hilal
Mobile cloud computing (MCC) improves
performance and scalability by offloading tasks from mobile
devices to cloud and edge infrastructure. Still, it remains
vulnerable to low-speed denial-of-service (LDoS) and
distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. This paper
compares centralized, distributed, and hybrid architectures and
evaluates their effectiveness using key metrics, including
detection accuracy, latency, privacy, scalability, and
deployment feasibility. In addition to comparing five
representative models based on literature reviews, we conduct
experimental evaluations of federated learning-based hybrid
models using a recent Internet of Things (IoT) network traffic
dataset that reflects modern attack patterns. The results
indicate that while centralized models achieve the highest
detection accuracy, they suffer from increased latency and
reduced privacy; decentralized models improve response speed
and privacy but face coordination challenges. Hybrid methods,
especially those using federated learning, provide a wellrounded solution by offering strong security, flexibility, and
efficient performance, making them ideal for practical use in
MCC environments.
A comparative evaluation of sodium hyaluronate-and carbomer-based ophthalmic preparations on tear production in cats under general anesthesia
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2025) Kük, Celil; Erol, Muharrem
Background: General anesthesia in cats causes a transient decrease in tear production, necessitating the use of topical lubricants
to protect the cornea; however, comparative data on the rate at which different lubricants normalize tear production are limited.
This study compared the effect of two different ophthalmic preparations based on sodium hyaluronate and carbomer on tear
secretion in cats under general anesthesia.
Methods: The study was conducted using a contralateral eye model in 12 clinically healthy female cats scheduled for spay surgery
under xylazine-ketamine-isoflurane anesthesia. Immediately after intubation and confirming the level of surgical anesthesia, one
drop of a sodium hyaluronate-containing preparation was applied to the right eye (Group H) and a rice-sized amount of a carbomercontaining preparation was applied to the left eye (Group C). Tear production was measured quantitatively using the Schirmer Tear
Test at specific time points before any sedation (T0
), during and after anesthesia (T15-T60 and T+15-T+60, respectively).
Result: Anesthesia caused a statistically significant decrease in Schirmer Tear Test values compared to baseline in both the groups
(p<0.05). At 30 minutes post-anesthesia (T+30), the mean Schirmer Tear Test value in Group H (15.08 ± 2.71 mm/min) was significantly
higher than that in Group C (11.00 ± 3.54 mm/min) (p<0.05). At 60 minutes post-anesthesia (T+60), STT values returned to baseline in
Group H, while full recovery was not observed in Group C. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that both sodium hyaluronate/
dexpanthenol eye drops and carbomer-based eye gel were effective in providing immediate protection to the ocular surface during
anesthesia and accelerating recovery after anesthesia, but the sodium hyaluronate formulation provided a significantly faster
recovery of tear production to baseline levels in the early post-anesthesia period.
A simple and sensitive methodology for quantification of aflatoxins in milk and butter by HPLC: Method development, validation and application to real samples
(Academic Press Inc., 2026) Gökbulut, Cengiz; Aslan Akyol, Büşra
Aflatoxins (AFTB1, AFTB2, AFTG1, AFTG2 and AFTM1) are toxic and carcinogenic compounds produced by
Aspergillus species. They can accumulate in animal-derived foods such as milk and dairy products, posing a serious
threat to public health. In this study, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a modified
QuEChERS extraction method with simple process steps and using smaller sample and chemical volumes were
developed and validated for the detection of aflatoxins (AFTB1, AFTB2, AFTG1, AFTG2 and AFTM1) in cow milk
and butter samples. Simple sample preparation was carried out, including only protein precipitation with
acetonitrile, followed by phase separation induced by adding potassium chloride. HPLC separation was carried
out at 60◦C using a C18 analytical column (Zorbax Eclipse Plus, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase
consisted of ultra-pure water (H₂O) with potassium bromide (4 M nitric acid, pH: 3.40) and acetonitrile:methanol
(50:50), delivered in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The fluorescence detector (FLD) was set at an
excitation wavelength of 360 nm and an emission wavelength of 435 nm. The elution of all five analytes was
completed within 21 min. The method provides values for the linearity (R2 > 0.998) and recovery rates (89.15 %
to 95.14 % for milk and 50.81 % to 86.08 % for butter), the limits of detections (LOD, 0.004–0.008 ng/g for milk
and butter), the limits of quantifications (LOQ, 0.012–0.025 ng/g for milk and butter), precision (RSD < 10 %),
repeatability (RSD values 1.30–6.08 % for milk and 2.32–6.39 % for butter) and reproducibility (RSD values
5.03–11.09 % for milk and 6.38–11.99 % for butter). This developed and validated method offers an alternative
option for the simultaneous analysis of multiple aflatoxin residues in milk and butter samples intended for human
consumption, through its fewer processing steps, lower volume and use of smaller variety of chemicals. Unlike
other methods in the literature, this technique uses very small sample amounts, such as 2 g. Furthermore, this
method was applied to real milk (106 raw and 32 pasteurised milk) and 103 butter samples. While these findings
demonstrate that the technique can be applied to the detection of aflatoxin residues in milk and butter, the
limitations of the butter matrix must be considered.
Analysis of awareness levels of students in science and art centers about Web 2.0 tools
(Institute for Human Rehabilitation, 2026) Yünkül, Eyup; Güçlü, Yeşim
This study investigates the awareness levels of highly gifted students attending
Science and Art Centers regarding Web 2.0 tools, aiming to address gaps in the literature
and inform future research. The primary question explores students’ awareness, with subquestions examining differences by gender, educational level, and grade level. Employing a
descriptive survey within a mixed-methods design, the study was conducted in the 2022–2023
academic year at the Edremit and Burhaniye Science and Art Centers (Balıkesir, Turkey).
Convenience sampling yielded 302 primary and middle school participants. Quantitative
data were collected via the Awareness Scale for Web 2.0 Tools, and qualitative data via
semi-structured interviews, enabling a richer interpretation of findings. Results indicate
that students perceive Web 2.0 tools as enjoyable, accessible technologies that enrich lesson
content, diversify learning opportunities, support visual and auditory engagement, and
enhance academic performance and learning permanence. The findings suggest that Web 2.0
tools can be effectively integrated into educational processes and provide actionable insights
for subsequent studies.
